https://eme.razi.ac.ir/ Education and Management of Entrepreneurship en daily 1 Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_3938.html The aim of this research is to examine the role of mystical literature and its characteristics in a comparative comparison with entrepreneurship (in the general sense and) social (in the specific sense) and (in line with) spiritual entrepreneurship and the personality traits of the entrepreneur, and the amount of this harmony and similarity as a model and an influential factor in the development of entrepreneurial culture.An attempt has also been made to investigate the relationship between the personal characteristics of social entrepreneurs and the characteristics and characteristics of mystical literature as one of the influential spiritual motivations in this matter. According to the results of this research, (real entrepreneurs including) social entrepreneurs, in terms of personality and behavioral characteristics, have common dimensions with the personality characteristics of mystical literature.Which can also be used as a model in identifying the competencies of social entrepreneurs. Characteristics such as; risk-taking, (responsibility and commitment), locus of control, tolerance of ambiguity, innovation and creativity, use of opportunities, pragmatism, (positive attitude and optimism), (and problem solving) in general, psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial personality are the most important characteristics of a social entrepreneur, which also plays a key role in mystical literature.And they are very effective in developing the culture and concept of entrepreneurship. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between individual characteristics and (development of entrepreneurship in a general sense) and social entrepreneurship (in a specific sense) even in non-governmental organizations; meaning that people with entrepreneurial psychological characteristics - which are common with mystical literature -, https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4027.html The growing necessity for sustainable development in sports goods manufacturing companies, given their potential role in national economic growth, has led to increased attention toward green innovation. Green innovation represents an approach that emphasizes innovation while addressing environmental challenges. This study aimed to analyze experts' perspectives on green innovation in these companies. Employing the Q-methodology, the research adopted an exploratory mixed-methods design. To address the main research question, two key steps were taken: first, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify statements constituting the discourse field; second, Q-factor analysis was performed. Data collection involved documentary research in the first phase and field studies (Q-questionnaire) in the second phase. The questionnaire, developed based on the literature and presented in a quasi-normal distribution grid, was validated in terms of reliability and validity. Experts were then asked to rank the indicators derived from the initial phase. The theoretical population consisted of academic experts and executives in the sports goods industry, selected based on specific criteria, including familiarity with key research concepts, over five years of professional experience, and a master’s degree or higher. Ultimately, 20 experts were selected through purposive chain-referral sampling. The findings from their rankings of 31 Q-statements revealed four distinct mental models: future-oriented industry, reactive industry, learning industry, and smart industry. Among these, the future-oriented industry emerged as the dominant perspective. Each model reflects a unique viewpoint on the manifestation of green innovation in sports goods manufacturing companies. Key factors derived from these mental models include forecasting future market demands and societal needs, environmental awareness among stakeholders and society, resource sharing and knowledge transfer through collaboration, and the adoption of advanced technologies. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4043.html In recent decades, with the observation of the side effects of synthetic and chemical drugs, the tendency to use herbal medicines has increased, to the point that the 21st century has been called the century of herbal medicine. Due to the changing global approach to healthcare systems, the global market for herbal medicines has grown at a remarkable pace and is of great economic and commercial importance. The present study aimed to investigate the obstacles to the development of the industry and commercialization of herbal medicines in Iran and to provide strategies to overcome these obstacles. The research method was qualitative and used content analysis. The study population consisted of academic and industrial experts. The criterion for determining the sample size was the theoretical saturation rule, which was achieved in 13 interviews. The data collection tool was an in-depth semi-structured interview. The collected data were analyzed using open coding method and Braun and Clarke's six-step process. The validity, reliability, accuracy, and robustness of the research data were confirmed using Lincoln and Guba's four criteria. The reliability of the research was also confirmed using the Holsti test-retest reliability method. The research findings showed that the obstacles to the development of the herbal medicine industry in Iran include 140 basic themes, 27 organizing themes, and 9 overarching themes. Overarching themes include economic and investment barriers, legal and policy barriers, educational and cultural barriers, entrepreneurship and employability barriers, political barriers and sanctions, infrastructure and facilitation barriers, standardization barriers, quality control and safety barriers, environmental barriers, and marketing and sales barriers. The results of this research can help entrepreneurs, managers, and policymakers in the herbal medicine industry to make effective policies and remove obstacles to the development and commercialization of this industry. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4045.html In today’s world, entrepreneurship is recognized as one of the key factors driving economic and social development. Among various societal groups, students—as a dynamic and creative segment—can play a prominent role in fostering entrepreneurial growth. Given the importance of marketing knowledge in business success, examining its impact on students’ intention to start a business is essential. Furthermore, entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, as socio-psychological variables, may play significant mediating roles in this relationship. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of marketing knowledge on students’ intention to start a business, with a focus on the mediating roles of entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy.This research is an applied study in terms of purpose and falls under the category of descriptive-correlational studies in terms of data collection methodology. It uses structural equation modeling to analyze the relationships among the research variables. The statistical population consists of all undergraduate and graduate students at Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University (Qom) during the academic year 2023–2024. Simple random sampling was employed to select the sample. Considering that the study is inferential and based on structural equation modeling, a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed among students, out of which 280 fully completed questionnaires were collected and used for analysis. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires, and the data analysis was performed using the SmartPLS software. The results revealed that marketing knowledge has a positive and significant effect on students’ intention to start a business. Moreover, marketing knowledge significantly influences both entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy also have separate significant impacts on students’ intention to start a business. Finally, the findings confirmed that both entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy play significant mediating roles in the relationship between marketing knowledge and entrepreneurial intention. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4048.html This study aims to identify and explain the dimensions and components of entrepreneurial leadership and its alignment with strategic knowledge management in secondary schools. Recognizing entrepreneurship education as a key tool for developing young people’s skills and enhancing educational outcomes, this qualitative phenomenological study employed purposive and theoretical sampling. The participants included 21 experts comprising university faculty in entrepreneurship and knowledge management, successful entrepreneurs, and secondary school teachers. Data was collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding, resulting in over 320 initial codes. These codes were organized into 45 core categories and synthesized into ten key dimensions of the Entrepreneurial School Model: school vision and strategy, innovation culture and knowledge networking, knowledge and technology management, leadership and human empowerment, resource and financial management, interaction and participation, learning and skill development, assessment and monitoring, localization and structural adaptation, and challenge management. Findings suggest that the entrepreneurial school is a dynamic, multidimensional model that fosters life and entrepreneurial skills, enhances human resource development, promotes community engagement, and cultivates a culture of innovation and self-reliance, serving as a practical guide for educational managers and policymakers. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4066.html One of the factors affecting the sustainability and sustainability of sports businesses is the existence of intangible capital for the continuation of entrepreneurship in sports. In fact, skill literacy and social networks, as intangible assets of organizations, are key factors in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to present a model of the role of skill literacy and social networks on the success of sports businesses, with an entrepreneurial approach in sports. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all entrepreneurs of sports businesses, including clubs, sports stores, and sports equipment manufacturers in Kermanshah province, totaling 220 cases. The sample size was selected using the Morgan table using the convenience sampling method, with 136 people. In this study, the standard skill literacy questionnaires of Siamak et al. (2005), the sports business success questionnaire of Mousavi et al. (2015), and the social networks questionnaire of Farboudnia et al. (2016) were used to collect data. The validity of the instrument was evaluated and confirmed based on the opinions of experts, and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated through Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used using structural equation modeling with the help of SMART PLS software. The research findings present the evolving landscape of sports entrepreneurship and highlight the innovative trends, challenges and opportunities shaping the industry. The identified categories for new capacities and approaches in sports entrepreneurship provide a roadmap for entrepreneurs, stakeholders and policymakers to navigate the competitive and dynamic sports business environment. By embracing skills literacy, digital technologies, social media and sports tourism, entrepreneurs can unlock new potential for growth and innovation in the sports industry. This research serves as a valuable resource for decision-makers seeking to drive positive change, foster collaboration and create sustainable business models in the growing realm of sports entrepreneurship. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4300.html Entrepreneurial intention is regarded as one of the most important predictors of entrepreneurial behavior, and examining the factors that influence it is essential, while the role of dietary habits as a lifestyle component has received relatively limited attention. This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect relationships among dietary patterns, the Big Five personality traits, and entrepreneurial intention among students at public universities in Tehran. The research employed a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling. The study population consisted of students from public universities in Tehran, from whom 123 individuals were selected through a multi-stage non-random sampling method. Data were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (pfeiler & eglof), the NEO-FFI Short Form (McCrae & Costa), and the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (Liñán & Chen), and data analysis was conducted through factor analysis and path analysis. The findings revealed that openness to experience positively, and neuroticism negatively, predicted entrepreneurial intention, and the protein-based diet was directly associated with decreased agreeableness. In addition, the unhealthy diet indirectly weakened entrepreneurial intention by increasing neuroticism, while other mediating pathways were not significant. These results highlight the important role of the interaction between personality traits and dietary habits in shaping entrepreneurial tendencies. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to consider lifestyle dimensions in university-level entrepreneurship development programs and to integrate interventions aimed at improving dietary patterns and promoting mental health alongside skill-oriented training. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4096.html The aim of the present study is that by developing literacy on the entrepreneurship of nomadic womenThe aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of literacy development on promoting entrepreneurship among nomadic women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Literacy, as one of the effective factors in empowering women, can increase income, improve job skills, improve agricultural production, and create motivation for innovation and presenting new ideas. This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population included all nomadic women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, which was considered unlimited. The sample size was determined as 384 people using the Cochran formula for an unlimited population, and sampling was carried out using the available method. The data collection tool included two standard questionnaires: Yap and Tan's literacy questionnaire (2022) and Anvar and Salam's entrepreneurship questionnaire (2019). The reliability of all dimensions was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.80, and the validity of the tools was also confirmed by experts from Farhangian University and Isfahan University. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics using path coefficient were used. The final analysis was performed with SPSS-23 and Smart PLS-3 software. The results showed that increasing literacy on average leads to an 85.9% improvement in the entrepreneurship indicators of nomadic women in the province. Based on the findings, it is suggested that educational programs be designed for nomadic women based on the real needs of nomadic women, focusing on everyday issues, job skills and economic challenges. Also, the establishment of mobile training units with the presence of expert trainers to teach information literacy, self-assessment and entrepreneurship skills in nomadic areas is emphasized. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4117.html Introduction: Entrepreneurship education for children promotes the development of skills such as finding unique solutions, increasing income, exploiting opportunities, building self-confidence, and accepting risks, ultimately leading to the emergence of leaders and managers. The aim of this study is to design an entrepreneurial educational package based on play for preschool children. Methodology: This research was conducted using a qualitative approach through document analysis. The population included domestic and international books and scientific research articles, from which 29 documents were selected using purposive sampling for analysis. The validity of the findings was confirmed through peer review, and data analysis was performed using content analysis. Findings: According to the results, the educational package based on play comprises 4 main categories, 17 subcategories, and 56 sub-subcategories. The category of content features includes five subcategories: activity-orientedness, content of the games, entrepreneurial nature of the content, alignment with individual and social needs, and reflection-orientedness. Objectives include four subcategories: identifying positive goals, developing an entrepreneurial mindset, participation and empathy, and focusing on teamwork. Teaching methods encompass six subcategories: experiential observation; arts activities; play; storytelling; utilizing resources; and teaching combined with practice. Evaluation methods consist of two subcategories: observations and assessments by the instructor, and group evaluation. Conclusion/ Implications: Based on the results, the play-based educational package can serve as an effective and suitable method aligned with the characteristics and needs of preschool children for teaching and developing their entrepreneurial skills. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4156.html The present study examines the impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) technology in entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial behavior. In terms of purpose, the study is applied, and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive–correlational with a quantitative approach. Data were collected from 80 students from various faculties of Arak University using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Smart PLS software. All research variables had Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values above 0.70, indicating satisfactory stability and reliability of the measurement instrument. The findings showed that data processing and analysis as well as intelligent search have a positive and significant effect on the transfer of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, whereas personalized access to knowledge did not exhibit a significant effect. Moreover, the transfer of entrepreneurial knowledge had a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial attitude. The coefficients of determination obtained for entrepreneurial intention (0.866) and entrepreneurial attitude (0.857) indicate a good fit of the model. Overall, the results suggest that the use of AI-based learning tools in entrepreneurship education can enhance students’ capacity for innovation, opportunity recognition, and willingness to engage in entrepreneurial action, and can help transform theoretical learning into practical, experience-based action. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4202.html People's attitudes towards self-employment are influenced by various factors. Meanwhile, in the current economic conditions of Iran, we are also facing the challenge of unemployment among university graduates. In addition, what has been neglected in entrepreneurship and job creation research is the study of the complex interaction of these factors and the relative contribution of each of them in shaping students' attitudes towards self-employment. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the attitudes of Razi University students towards their self-employment. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of 234 Razi University students, whose sample size was selected based on the Morgan table and by random sampling method. Data collection was carried out through a researcher-made questionnaire, and data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics (including mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) and inferential statistics (including exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) using SPSS and AMOS software. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, four main factors were identified as influencing students' attitudes, which explained 64.77% of the total variance. These factors, in order of importance, are: motivational factors including the ability to control costs and income, realize personal ideas, and have a social impact (42.81%); entrepreneurial self-efficacy including the ability to solve original problems and analyze risks (10.76%); perceived barriers including financial and social barriers (6.23%); and educational factors including university support and access to entrepreneurial networks (4.96%). The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the favorable fit of the identified factors (CFI=0.96 and RMSEA=0.07). Accordingly, internal factors (motivation and self-efficacy) play a stronger role than external factors (education) in shaping a positive attitude towards self-employment. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers and educational planners in universities create workshops to enhance self-efficacy and creativity, simulate businesses, and remove financial barriers through connections with accelerators and provision of facilities. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4222.html Innovative ideas are the source of life and success for startups. But not every seemingly good idea is necessarily a good business opportunity. To avoid costly mistakes, startups must be skilled in selecting ideas. On the other hand, innovative startups face a difficult challenge called the "valley of death" in the early stages of their growth, and most of them fail. Despite the importance of innovative startups in the progress of societies, so far, the impact of idea quality on how to pass through the valley of death, as one of the most important stages of startup growth, has received less attention. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating idea selection in startups and its effects on passing through the valley of death. Given the exploratory nature of the subject, this study was applied from the perspective of the objective and in terms of qualitative data collection, with a multiple case study method, and based on data plurality among 6 successful and unsuccessful startups. After theoretical saturation, in order to homogenize the analyses and systematic comparisons, a combination of "Wagner's VoD Model" and "Apad's" time stages along with "idea quality" parameters was used. The research results identified 8 basic characteristics in the selected ideas for better crossing the Valley of Death. These characteristics include the short and low-cost research and prototyping phase of the idea, the idea's potential to attract governmental support, its attractiveness to investors, the startup team’s technical expert, the simplicity of legal issues, rapid market penetration, quick capital return, and the ability to reach market equilibrium. The results show that the more an idea covers a larger number of these features, the easier it will be for it to pass through the “valley of death.” Based on this, the present article presents a new criterion for evaluating startup ideas based on the maximum probability of success. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4231.html Abstract This study aimed to design a native and conceptual framework and model for entrepreneurship in the field of digital health in Iran. Given the rapid growth of emerging technologies and their increasing role in transforming healthcare systems, this research sought to identify and analyze the factors influencing the formation and development of digital health startups. The study adopted a qualitative research approach based on grounded theory, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in the fields of health and entrepreneurship. The qualitative study population consisted of experts and specialists active in digital health, including managers of knowledge-based companies, university faculty members, and experts from the Ministry of Health. Sampling was conducted using purposive and snowball methods, and semi-structured interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In total, 17 interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2024 software through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 865 codes. To ensure the trustworthiness of the findings, the four criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba—credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability—were applied. The final research model consists of six main dimensions, including key components of entrepreneurship, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and outcomes. The causal conditions include technological advancements, emerging societal needs, economic pressures, and social requirements. Contextual conditions such as government support, entrepreneurial culture, level of technological maturity, and intersectoral collaboration provide the necessary foundation for entrepreneurial activities. In contrast, intervening conditions—including legal constraints, weaknesses in technical and financial infrastructure, shortages of skilled human resources, and cultural and acceptance-related challenges—represent significant barriers to the development of this field. In response to these conditions, strategies were identified at two levels: the organizational level (such as innovation in business models, human resource development, market analysis, and agile structures) and the macro level (including digital governance policymaking and effective regulation). The interaction of these dimensions explains a native model of digital health entrepreneurship in Iran. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4257.html This study employs a novel approach to investigate the role of specialized cognitive components, specifically opportunity recognition capability, entrepreneurial creativity, and risk management capability within the framework of behavioral models, aiming to assess their explanatory power regarding individual entrepreneurial orientation among agricultural students. To this end, data collected from participants in entrepreneurship courses (bootcamps) at the Incubation Center of the Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources were analyzed using a hybrid methodology combining Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The research findings confirmed the pivotal role of entrepreneurial creativity as the strongest predictor of students' entrepreneurial orientation. Furthermore, the results of the Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) indicated that while opportunity recognition capability demonstrates satisfactory performance, enhancing risk management skills is an inevitable necessity for consolidating students' entrepreneurial mindset. The neural network analysis results, by confirming non-linear relationships, increased the model's predictive accuracy in explaining students' startup intentions and demonstrated the superiority of this hybrid approach in overcoming the limitations of traditional linear methods. Ultimately, this research showed that given the strategic importance of cognitive competencies, universities and incubation centers should focus on improving students' problem-solving skill sets and enhancing their mental resilience when designing educational modules. It is recommended that educational policymakers address performance gaps by facilitating the path of knowledge transfer to the market and focusing on specialized mentorship, particularly for students in less developed regions, thereby providing the necessary foundation for the emergence of a new generation of innovative entrepreneurs in the agricultural ecosystem. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4287.html Background and Objective: This study aimed to explain the mechanisms through which entrepreneurial resilience influences startup performance by testing the mediating roles of learning from failure and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, as well as the moderating role of perceived social support within the context of Iranian startups. Methods: This applied research employed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of entrepreneurs and managers of startups with up to five years of operating experience in Tehran, Alborz, and Qazvin provinces. Purposive convenience sampling was used, yielding 254 usable questionnaires. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Data were collected through standard questionnaires employing a five-point Likert scale. Instrument validity and reliability were confirmed through content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, Cronbach's alpha, and composite reliability. Results: The findings confirmed all nine research hypotheses. Entrepreneurial resilience had a significant positive direct effect on startup performance. Resilience also positively and significantly influenced both learning from failure and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Learning from failure positively and significantly affected entrepreneurial self-efficacy and performance. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy similarly demonstrated a significant positive effect on performance. The mediating roles of learning from failure and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the relationship between resilience and performance were confirmed. Perceived social support moderated the relationship between resilience and learning from failure, such that this relationship was stronger at higher levels of social support. The research model explained 52% of the variance in startup performance and exhibited satisfactory predictive power. Conclusion: The research findings demonstrate that entrepreneurial resilience improves startup performance through the mechanisms of learning from failure and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. These results underscore the critical importance of reinforcing psychological and social mechanisms in the startup growth process. Accordingly, strengthening entrepreneurial resilience and support systems can enhance the effectiveness of innovative entrepreneurial activities. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4288.html This study aims to explain the impact of the research and technology evaluation system on the development of technology-based entrepreneurship at the national level. The research adopts a quantitative and explanatory design and was conducted using structural equation modeling with the partial least squares approach. The data were collected from two sources: international secondary indicators covering the period from 2010 to 2024, and the opinions of 112 experts. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire based on the research literature, whose validity was confirmed by expert review and whose reliability was verified at an acceptable level. The findings indicate that governance quality, human capital, and technological infrastructure have positive and significant effects on national innovation, and that national innovation significantly contributes to the development of technology-based entrepreneurship. Moreover, the mediating role of national innovation in transmitting the effects of structural variables on technology-based entrepreneurship was confirmed. The model’s goodness-of-fit indices and predictive power showed that the proposed research model enjoys appropriate validity and explanatory strength. Accordingly, the development of technology-based entrepreneurship requires the simultaneous strengthening of governance mechanisms, human capital, and technological infrastructure within a coherent national innovation system.. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4290.html The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of strategic thinking on innovation and entrepreneurial inclination with the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy among students of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr. This study is of an applied type and was conducted using a descriptive correlational method. In order to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3 software. The statistical population of the study was students of Persian Gulf University in the academic year 1404, of which 400 people were selected as a sample using a stratified random sampling method. Four standard questionnaires were used to collect data, including a questionnaire on strategic thinking, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, innovation, and entrepreneurial inclination. The validity of the instruments was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and their reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test and composite reliability. The findings showed that strategic thinking has a positive and significant effect on innovation and entrepreneurial inclination and also promotes entrepreneurial self-efficacy. On the other hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy also has a positive effect on innovation and entrepreneurial inclination and plays a partial mediating role in these relationships. The results of the study emphasize the importance of paying attention to strategic thinking skills in higher education to promote the psychological and behavioral capabilities of students on the path to entrepreneurship. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4298.html This study examines how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can strengthen their resilience in turbulent environments characterized by economic instability, political uncertainty, and external shocks, with particular relevance to contexts such as Iran. Despite extensive scholarly attention, the literature on SME resilience remains fragmented, lacking an integrated and operational framework. Addressing this gap, the study seeks to identify the key determinants and underlying mechanisms of SME resilience and to consolidate them into a coherent conceptual model capable of informing both managerial practice and policymaking. To achieve this, an applied, qualitative research design based on an umbrella review was adopted, enabling the systematic aggregation and synthesis of prior review studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, relevant articles were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases, limited to Q1 and Q2 journals published between January 2021 and August 2025, resulting in a final sample of 20 review studies. Thematic synthesis was employed to analyze the data through inductive coding, the development of descriptive themes, and the abstraction of higher-order analytical themes. The findings converge on a seven-dimensional framework encompassing digital transformation, operational excellence and capability development, communication and stakeholder relationship management, strategic management, resource management, risk management and business continuity, and innovation and entrepreneurship. These dimensions are not discrete but dynamically interdependent, collectively shaping resilience through continuous interaction among technological, operational, relational, strategic, resource, risk, and innovation capabilities. The study demonstrates that SME resilience is inherently multidimensional and cannot be effectively achieved through isolated or single-focus strategies. By offering an integrated and practice-oriented framework, this research contributes to bridging the gap between theory and application, while also highlighting the need for future empirical validation in context-specific and high-risk environments. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4299.html Abstract In the new management paradigm, identifying the nature of social energies is recognized as a strategic advantage in guiding entrepreneurial activities, and this research, with an analytical-cognitive approach, seeks to explain the factors that cause entrepreneurs to focus their attention on these energies in human resources; for this purpose, "positive social ties" were considered as a clear manifestation of these energies. The research method was qualitative and applied, and the researchers sought theoretical consensus using the Delphi technique. In this regard, given that senior bank managers have rich experience in managing the paradox between bureaucratic structures and entrepreneurial imperatives and are known as the main executors of transferring social energies to performance in formal organizations, a panel consisting of 10 senior managers of Saderat Bank Kermanshah were selected as experts and organizational entrepreneurs who answered open-ended questions in several rounds. The final findings presented an integrated conceptual framework of five key factors, including group and team factors facilitating entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial homogeneity and context factors, organizational-cultural factors supporting entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial organizational structure and processes, and the role of gender in entrepreneurial attention patterns. The results show that entrepreneurial managers assign their highest cognitive priority to “group and team factors”; therefore, it is suggested that managers should engineer work processes to increase “task interdependence” to make social interactions an essential part of work so that social energies are spontaneously activated. Finally, this study argues that cognitive understanding of these factors and their prioritization allows managers to enhance the entrepreneurial performance of the organization from a holistic perspective.The final findings from this synergistic process presented an integrated conceptual framework of key factors in which the following concepts were identified with varying degrees of centrality and influence: group and team factors, homogeneity and context factors, cultural-organizational factors, organizational structure and processes, and gender. The results show that this Delphi process provides a deep and consensus-based understanding of the complexities of social energy and allows managers to take a holistic view of activating these focal energies to improve the activity of entrepreneurs in the business environment https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4024.html Technological Entrepreneurship, defined as the process of identifying opportunities and providing access to resources for technology-based ventures, contributes to increased competitiveness, productivity, and value creation by strengthening academic entrepreneurship. This research investigates the development of technological entrepreneurship using university research and the innovation ecosystem, with a particular focus on the mediating role of academic entrepreneurship. The statistical population included the managers and owners of 200 active technology cores and units at the agricultural universities of Khuzestan, Sari, and Gorgan, from which a sample of 127 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a researcher-made online questionnaire, and its content validity was confirmed by professors in the field of Agricultural Extension and Education. Reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's Alpha, Composite Reliability (CR), and Average Variance Extracted (AVE). Additionally, discriminant validity was assessed using the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT < 0.85), which demonstrated the model's adequacy. Descriptive analyses were conducted using SPSSv26 software, while Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) approach was executed in Smart PLS 3.0 software. The findings of this research indicated that university research and the innovation ecosystem have a positive and significant effect on both academic entrepreneurship and technological entrepreneurship. Furthermore, academic entrepreneurship plays a vital role in the development of technological entrepreneurship. Therefore, to enhance the effectiveness of knowledge transfer into wealth, it is essential that university research be aligned with the technological needs of society and industry, and that the legal and financial infrastructures of incubators be strengthened. Furthermore, mandatory entrepreneurship education in all university disciplines is recommended to empower academics toward technology commercialization. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4064.html With the development of digital businesses, digital entrepreneurship has attracted significant attention from the youth of Generation Z. This generation, who are just entering the business market, is most familiar with technology and the digital space and has a high ability to utilize it. On the other hand, to achieve entrepreneurial goals, it is necessary for entrepreneurial intention to lead to entrepreneurial behavior, which requires solving a set of different knowledge and behavioral problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of learning management and entrepreneurship education in transforming digital entrepreneurial intention into digital entrepreneurial behavior of Generation Z. Descriptive-survey methods were used in collecting and analyzing data in this study. The statistical population was students of Payam Noor University in Kermanshah province, and the research findings were analyzed using the structural equation model. The data collection tools used were the standard questionnaires of digital entrepreneurial intention by Lautital, digital entrepreneurial behavior by Shirokowatal, entrepreneurship education by Li Nan and Chen, and learning management by Sihyo et al. In evaluating the structural model, estimating path coefficients and significance levels, 3Smart Pls software was used. The results showed that the research hypotheses were confirmed and learning management and entrepreneurship education can play a role as mediating variables in transforming digital entrepreneurial intention into digital entrepreneurial behavior among Generation Z students, in addition to playing a direct role in shaping digital entrepreneurial behavior. These results, in addition to enriching the literature on the subject, indicate the importance of learning management and entrepreneurship education in shaping digital entrepreneurial behavior and the need for planning and policymaking in this area. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4030.html Artificial intelligence, as a key driver in the development of startup ecosystems, helps them grow sustainably by improving internal processes, accelerating innovation, and providing advanced solutions. This technology also plays an important role in increasing customer satisfaction through data analysis and optimizing decision-making. The purpose of the present study is to design a lean startup ecosystem development model using artificial intelligence. This study was conducted with an applied purpose, a qualitative approach, and a content analysis method. The statistical population of this study consisted of 12 experts in the field of artificial intelligence and faculty members of universities in Kermanshah province. In addition, purposive sampling and snowball sampling were used to identify experts and experts. Data were also collected through interviews with experts. Coding with the content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The research findings showed that the development factors affecting decision-making processes in startups are categorized into 43 basic themes, 8 organizing themes, and 3 overarching themes, including: infrastructure and technology factors, management and decision-making factors, and culture-building factors. This research shows how the lean startup ecosystem can help improve decision-making processes, increase transparency and accountability, and ultimately promote efficiency and innovation, and a deeper understanding of development factors is influential in providing practical solutions and effective policies for the optimal use of artificial intelligence. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4215.html An important factor in improving the entrepreneurial process is work enthusiasm among entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial enthusiasm is an intense and fully conscious positive feeling that creates and strengthens the lived experience of engaging in entrepreneurial activity. Psychological toughness and intra-organizational communication are of vital importance in cultivating entrepreneurs' work enthusiasm. Because toughness causes continuity and sustainability of activity, and communication also creates a conscious flow of information. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of psychological toughness on work enthusiasm with the mediating role of organizational communication. The statistical population consisted of entrepreneurs located in the Fars Science and Technology Park in Shiraz. The statistical sample was estimated at 183 people and sampling was carried out using the available method. Data were collected based on the standard psychological toughness questionnaires of Kubasa et al., work enthusiasm of Schoeffley, and organizational communication of Joblen and Putnam. Hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS 4 software. The results showed that psychological toughness increases work enthusiasm and organizational communication also has a mediating role in this model. The coefficient of the effect of the psychological toughness variable on enthusiasm is 0.29, communication on work enthusiasm is 0.57, and toughness on communication is 0.77. Given the positive effect of work enthusiasm on entrepreneurship, the set of psychological characteristics related to toughness keeps the entrepreneur immune despite being exposed to stressors. As a result, tough entrepreneurs have a high ability to cope with stressors. Effective communication also causes enthusiasm, dedication, and attraction of people in the organization and, as a result, work enthusiasm. Creating a suitable platform for transparent communication by the founders of a small business by disseminating accurate information about the vision, goals, and expectations will increase the effectiveness of organizational communication. Toughness also has a direct positive effect on organizational communication. Lack of self-confidence is a major barrier to communication and comes in many forms, such as shyness, awkwardness, discomfort, etc. Conversely, stubbornness can facilitate communication. In fact, stubbornness creates a specific inner attitude that affects the way people deal with various life issues. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4157.html This study aimed to design a model for physical education in schools to enhance students' entrepreneurial attitude. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research identified key components of physical education and examined their impact on students' entrepreneurial mindset. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experienced and specialized physical education teachers (n=20) in Najafabad, Isfahan, and analyzed using thematic analysis in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. Findings revealed that physical education can serve as an effective platform for fostering entrepreneurial skills and attitudes. The main themes identified included developing entrepreneurial motivation and mindset, nurturing creative and strategic skills, enhancing resilience and challenge management, and p romoting professional and social values, which were categorized into axial themes. In the quantitative phase, data were gathered from first-cycle secondary school students in the same region (n=256) using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on qualitative themes and the standard Linan and Chen (2009) questionnaire. These data were analyzed using the partial least squares method in Smart PLS3 software. Quantitative results confirmed that all main themes significantly influenced students' entrepreneurial attitude, particularly in areas such as self-efficacy, emotional management, and innovation. Model fit indices, including the standardized root mean square residual and normed fit index, indicated a good fit. These findings align with existing literature on experiential learning and the role of sports activities in developing soft skills, underscoring physical education's potential as a tool for indirectly teaching entrepreneurial concepts. The study recommends redesigning physical education curricula to incorporate targeted experiential activities, such as team-based projects and problem-solving games, to strengthen students' entrepreneurial attitudes. Additionally, it suggests organizing training workshops for physical education teachers to implement this approach effectively. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4204.html Educational environments are increasingly confronted with rapid technological acceleration, ecosystem complexities, and a growing demand for innovation. Using the meta-synthesis approach. Given the fragmentation and inconsistency of previous studies, this research sought to systematically integrate findings to identify and explain the fundamental dimensions and components of this leadership model. The research population comprised all qualitative studies published on entrepreneurial leadership in education between 2015 and 2025 in both national and international databases. Out of 398 identified studies, a total of 32 met the inclusion and quality criteria and were analyzed using the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso. The coding process resulted in 275 open codes, 22 axial themes, and six overarching dimensions. Findings revealed that entrepreneurial leadership in education is a multilevel and cyclical phenomenon that begins with the leader’s personal and psychological attributes, manifests in managerial and professional competencies, and becomes institutionalized through transformational and future-oriented leadership, organizational empowerment, a culture of learning, and educational networking. The proposed model provides both a theoretical framework and a practical guideline for educational policymakers and managers in developing entrepreneurial leadership capacities. Overall, the results highlight the need to reconsider leadership development policies and to strengthen innovative and opportunity-oriented competencies among school and university leaders. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4309.html The agricultural sector in Golestan Province faces a growing challenge of declining youth participation. This issue not only seriously threatens the future of this vital sector but also undermines the continuity of food security, the sustainability of rural employment, and the preservation of human capital in rural areas. This study aimed to identify the determinants of entrepreneurial youth participation in agricultural activities in rural areas of Golestan Province, with an emphasis on the role of cognitive asymmetry in perceived advantages and disadvantages. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data nature, carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population consisted of all rural youth aged 18 to 35 years in Golestan Province. Using Cochran's formula, 385 individuals were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by experts and its reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha (ranging from 0.73 to 0.76). Data were analyzed using logistic regression. The findings revealed that only 35.1 percent of youth participate in agricultural business. The most significant positive determinants included parental agricultural background, land ownership, access to extension services, awareness of government support programs, and knowledge of agricultural advantages. In contrast, age, the presence of non-agricultural job alternatives, and knowledge of agricultural disadvantages had negative effects. It is concluded that to increase youth participation, information flows regarding agricultural advantages should be strengthened, access to extension services and support programs should be enhanced, and agriculture should be made more competitive relative to non-agricultural occupations. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4310.html With the rapid expansion of platform-based businesses, attention to value co-creation platforms across various sectors has significantly increased. This study aims to identify the factors influencing users' intention to engage in co-innovation within digital platforms focused on nutrition and dietary therapy. The research is grounded in two conceptual frameworks: the Motivation-Ability-Opportunity (AMO) model and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). It examines the impact of users’ motivation, ability, and perceived opportunity on their attitudes and intention toward co-innovation in digital health platforms. This is a quantitative, descriptive-correlational study conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM) and the SmartPLS software. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire administered to a purposive sample of diabetic patients attending the Taban Clinic in Tehran. Findings indicate that both motivation and ability have a significant and positive effect on users' attitudes toward co-innovation. Among the motivational dimensions, knowledge-based, social, and intrinsic motivations positively influenced both attitude and behavioral intention. In contrast, financial motivation had no significant effect. Furthermore, the study confirms the moderating role of environmental opportunities in strengthening the link between attitude and co-innovation intention. These insights contribute to the development of more engaging digital health platforms by emphasizing the behavioral and contextual drivers of patient participation in co-innovation initiatives. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4326.html Entrepreneurship, as a fundamental necessity for transformation in the higher education system, requires the utilization of modern leadership patterns and the enhancement of cognitive and psychological competencies of managers. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explain and predict organizational entrepreneurship based on transformational leadership style and psychological empowerment among senior and middle managers of public universities in Tehran. In terms of purpose, this research was applied, and in terms of method, it was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all senior and middle managers of public universities in Tehran during the 2024–2025 academic year (N = 322). Based on the Morgan table, a sample of 177 participants was selected using proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2003), the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, and Hill’s Organizational Entrepreneurship Questionnaire (2003). The questionnaires’ validity was confirmed by experts, and their reliability—assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.90, 0.96, and 0.89, respectively—indicated satisfactory internal consistency. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software through descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that transformational leadership style and psychological empowerment were positively and significantly related to organizational entrepreneurship and played a significant role in explaining its variance. The results of regression analysis indicated that psychological empowerment accounted for 18% and transformational leadership for 13% of the variance in organizational entrepreneurship, demonstrating significant predictive power. Among these variables, psychological empowerment had a stronger contribution to predicting organizational entrepreneurship. Overall, the results suggest that strengthening psychological empowerment alongside the adoption of transformational leadership style can effectively promote and enhance organizational entrepreneurship in universities. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4344.html The mainstream literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems, by adopting a predominantly optimistic approach and focusing on economic growth, has paid less attention to the adverse and hidden consequences of these structures. Aiming to analytically elucidate the “dark sides” of ecosystems, this research seeks to provide an integrated framework for understanding the multi-level interactions of these consequences. This study was conducted based on a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. Following a comprehensive search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, out of 1,071 initial records, 124 valid articles were included in the data extraction phase and were coded and analyzed using a network thematic analysis method. The findings indicate that ecosystem dysfunctions can be classified into three levels: at the micro (individual) level, evidence of self-exploitation and the decline of psychological-moral resilience is observed; at the meso (institutional) level, challenges such as systematic exclusion (including the marginalization of women) and the rent-seeking of closed networks are prominent; and at the macro (structural) level, phenomena like spatial inequality (core-periphery divide) and asymmetric value extraction were identified. To explicate these findings, the conceptual model of the “Dialectical Cycle of Reproducing Darkness” was developed. The analyses imply that these negative consequences are not necessarily random anomalies; rather, evidence suggests an endogenous potential and tendency of ecosystems to reproduce these damages through upward and downward causation mechanisms. In this way, macro-level pressures and the institutional isomorphism of meso-level entities exacerbate human costs at the micro level. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of a paradigm shift. This approach steers policymaking away from a reductionist focus on the quantitative expansion of startups towards “multi-level regulation” and human-centric development, with an emphasis on curbing destructive feedback loops. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4347.html Higher education system, as the main platform for training entrepreneurial human resources, is constantly facing the challenge of preparing students to cope with rapid technological transformations. Artificial intelligence literacy, as a key competency in the digital age, can enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, but the role of self-efficacy as a psychological mechanism in this relationship needs to be explained. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the role of self-efficacy in the impact of artificial intelligence literacy on entrepreneurship education in higher education system. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of 271 graduate students of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities at Persian Gulf University of Bushehr. The sample size was determined to be 159 people based on the Cochran formula, and after removing incomplete questionnaires, 155 questionnaires were analyzed. Standard questionnaires on artificial intelligence literacy, entrepreneurship education, and self-efficacy were used to collect data. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed using AVE, Cronbach's alpha, and composite reliability indices. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SmartPLS software. The results showed that self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship education with a path coefficient of 0.599 and a t-value of 7.447. Artificial intelligence literacy has a positive and significant effect on self-efficacy with a path coefficient of 0.513 and a t-value of 11.672. Finally, artificial intelligence literacy has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship education with a path coefficient of 0.609 and a t-value of 9.703. Artificial intelligence literacy contributes to the enhancement of entrepreneurship education both directly and through strengthening self-efficacy. Educational planners should provide the ground for training competent entrepreneurs by designing artificial intelligence literacy courses and simultaneously strengthening students' self-efficacy. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4348.html Scientific tourism, as one of the emerging branches of the tourism industry, plays an important role in developing scientific interactions, knowledge exchange, organizing academic events, and enhancing the international standing of countries. Despite Iran's significant capacities in higher education, medicine, research, and the organization of scientific events, the lack of an integrated digital platform has led to service fragmentation, weak coordination among stakeholders, and reduced productivity in this sector. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to design a comprehensive digital platform model for the development of scientific tourism in Iran and to provide a framework for optimizing its efficiency and effectiveness. The present study was conducted using an exploratory mixed-method approach with a sequential design. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in the field of tourism, scientific event managers, information technology professionals, university faculty members, and managers of conference-organizing companies to identify the challenges, needs, and requirements for developing a digital platform for scientific tourism. In the quantitative phase, data were collected through a questionnaire with the participation of potential users, including researchers, international students, participants in scientific conferences, and activists in the field of scientific tourism, and then analyzed. The findings of the study indicated that the most important factors influencing the success of a digital platform for scientific tourism include service integration, ease of use, user trust, information transparency, multilingual support, service personalization capability, quality of user experience, and targeted digital marketing. The results also showed that Iran possesses significant competitive capacities in the areas of scientific infrastructure, educational services, and affordable costs, but weaknesses in digital infrastructure and the lack of integrated platforms are considered the main obstacles to the development of this sector. Finally, this study presents a conceptual model for a digital platform for scientific tourism that, by leveraging user-centered design, intelligent services, recommender systems, integrated management of scientific and tourism services, and digital marketing strategies, enables the enhancement of user experience and the sustainable development of scientific tourism in Iran. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4362.html This study aimed to explain the impact of cognitive and motivational drivers on entrepreneurial intention and resilience. Despite the richness of the literature on entrepreneurial intention, the combined influence of cognitive capacities and motivational factors in shaping intention, as well as the role of intention as a precursor to entrepreneurial resilience, has been empirically underexplored. Moreover, this study also tests the moderating role of gender in the relationships between these drivers and entrepreneurial intention. The research is applied in objective and descriptive–correlational in methodology. Data were collected from 127 entrepreneurs based in the University of Tehran Science and Technology Park. The data collection instrument was a standard questionnaire measuring cognitive and motivational drivers, entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial resilience. Data analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling in SmartPLS4. Multigroup analysis was used to test the moderating role of gender, and the bootstrapping method with 5,000 resamples was employed for mediation analysis. Findings indicated that all cognitive and motivational drivers have a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention, with motivation and entrepreneurial knowledge being the strongest predictors. Entrepreneurial intention also has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial resilience. Mediation analysis results revealed full mediation of entrepreneurial intention in the relationships between motivation, entrepreneurial knowledge, opportunity recognition, and innovation attitude with resilience, and partial mediation in the relationship between risk-taking and resilience. Multigroup analysis results also showed that gender does not play a significant moderating role. In conclusion, findings suggest that entrepreneurial intention is a key mechanism for transforming cognitive and motivational capacities into operational resilience. By redefining entrepreneurial intention as a proactive driver of resilience, this study contributes to the theoretical richness of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the literature on entrepreneurial resilience, emphasizing the necessity of strengthening entrepreneurs’ cognitive and motivational capital for effective engagement with environmental shocks. https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4363.html The aim of this study is to present a business development model for small and medium-sized enterprises in crisis situations. After reviewing the literature and identifying common business models, the degree of impact of these models on economic shocks was examined using the Delphi method and consulting with academic experts and small business activists. Then, by modeling structural equations and distributing questionnaires among small and medium-sized food industry companies in Toos Industrial Town (Khorasan Razavi Province), the degree of impact of the variables was evaluated.The findings indicate that out of 107 effective components in the form of 11 indicators, finally 8 indicators of "management ability", "marketing and sales", "production and operations", "research and development", "financial resources", "technology and innovation", "human resources" and "policy and policy-making" were confirmed as variables of the final model, among which the variables of production and operations, human resources and management ability have a more appropriate status, respectively.The research conclusions are presented at four levels: employees, companies, industries, and headquarters: At the employees level, it is essential to develop the mental and material resources of the human resources and explain the benefits of the business by senior management; at the company level, it is necessary to create internal capacities to face the crisis; at the industry level, it is necessary to pay attention to interaction with customers, monitor competitors, and manage the supply chain; and at the headquarters level, it is necessary to set public sector policies in the areas of regulation, facilitation, and support, with a special focus on small and medium-sized businesses, which are the most vulnerable to environmental changes. This comprehensive model can help policymakers, economic activists, and researchers in the field of business towards the sustainable development and resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises https://eme.razi.ac.ir/article_4371.html This study aimed to develop a model for explaining innovation mechanisms within the bureaucratic context of Iran’s food industry. Although prior literature has predominantly focused on formal research-and-development models in stable environments, a gap remains in understanding informal and reactive innovation patterns in resource-constrained and turbulent settings. This study focuses on reactive and survival-oriented innovation, which, unlike R&D-driven models, emerges from adaptive responses to environmental, structural, and operational pressures. A qualitative approach based on Grounded Theory methodology (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 senior managers, middle managers, and key experts in Tehran Province’s food industry who possessed lived experience in product development and exposure to structural challenges. Theoretical sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis involved open coding (reducing 800 initial codes), axial coding, and selective coding. Trustworthiness was ensured through triangulation and member checking. The resulting model, structured within the axial coding paradigm, comprised the following components: causal conditions (entrepreneurial orientation, including opportunity recognition, empowerment, long-term budgeting perspective, bottom-up entrepreneurship, and a multi-industry vision); strategies (operational innovation strategies such as creative adaptation, step-by-step testing, organizational agility, contract manufacturing, and grassroots innovation); contextual conditions (organizational barriers, including bureaucratic structures, employee resistance, short-term managerial orientation, and person-dependent systems); intervening conditions (environmental turbulence, including economic instability, regulatory pressures, supply constraints, and sanctions); and consequences (survival-and-growth-oriented innovation performance, including survival-driven innovation, sanction-oriented innovation, entrepreneurial exit, and process innovation). Accordingly, during the selective coding stage, the core category of “reactive survival-oriented innovation within organizational bureaucracy and environmental turbulence” was identified. The findings highlight the role of survival-oriented innovation approaches in turbulent and bureaucratic environments. Theoretically, the proposed model contributes a framework for innovation in emerging markets. Practically, the findings underscore the necessity of fostering bottom-up idea generation, strengthening top-management support for reducing hierarchical rigidity through organizational agility, and enhancing cross-functional collaboration to overcome sanctions-related and economic turbulence constraints. The study is limited by the relatively small sample size and the interpretive nature of the qualitative approach. Future research is encouraged to quantitatively test the proposed model using samples and to conduct cross-industry investigations.