بررسی زیست‌بوم نوآوری آلمان با تأکید بر حمایت از میتل‌استندها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مطالعات تکنولوژی، پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری‌های نوین، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران.

2 گروه علوم سیاسی و حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

3 گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مدیریت کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی الگوی حکمرانی، سیاست‌گذاری و ارزیابی نوآوری در آلمان، به‌ویژه نقش شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط (میتل‌استندها) انجام شد. روش پژوهش، مرور نظام‌یافته بود که جهت جستجو، ذخیره‌سازی، پالایش و بهره‌برداری از منابع اطلاعاتی از روش هفت مرحله‌ای شناخته شده فراترکیب سندلوسکی و همکاران استفاده شد. پرسش اصلی پژوهش، شناسایی سازوکارهای راهبری نظام نوآوری آلمان و جایگاه میتل‌استندها در این نظام بود. از جستجوی اولیه، 341 مقاله شناسایی شد که پس از ارزیابی چندمرحله‌ای، 54 اثر برای تحلیل عمیق انتخاب شدند. یافته‌ها در هشت طبقه مفهومی تدوین شدند که عبارتند از: 1) زیرساخت تحقیق و توسعه با محوریت هم‌بست پژوهش-نوآوری (دانشگاه‌ها، مؤسسات تحقیقاتی، نظام مالکیت فکری)؛ 2) سیاست‌های دولتی (استراتژی ملی نوآوری، برنامه‌های تأمین مالی، چارچوب‌های نظارتی)؛ 3) همکاری صنعت و دانشگاه (دفاتر انتقال فناوری، پروژه‌های مشترک)؛ 4) اکوسیستم‌های نوآوری (خوشه‌های منطقه‌ای، هاب‌های نوآوری، یکپارچگی محلی)؛ 5) حمایت از استارت‌آپ‌ها و میتل‌استندها (انکوباتورها، شتاب‌دهنده‌ها، سرمایه خطرپذیر)؛ 6) تقسیم کار نهادی در سطوح فدرال، ایالتی و محلی (مؤسسات فرانهوفر، انتقال فناوری، سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم)؛ 7) همکاری بین‌المللی (برنامه‌های اتحادیه اروپا، مشارکت‌های جهانی)؛ 8) تمرکز بر پایداری (فناوری‌های سبز، صنایع نسل چهارم). نظام نوآوری آلمان به‌عنوان زیست‌بومی پویا، با تقویت همکاری میان دولت، صنعت و دانشگاه، تکامل کسب‌وکارها را تسهیل و رقابت‌پذیری جهانی را ارتقاء می‌دهد. میتل‌استندها از طریق حمایت‌های هدفمند، مانند انکوباتورها و سرمایه‌گذاری، و یکپارچگی در خوشه‌های نوآوری، نقشی کلیدی ایفا می‌کنند. این نظام با تأکید بر هم‌افزایی پژوهش و صنعت، الگویی موفق برای سیاست‌گذاری نوآوری ارائه می‌دهد. یافته‌ها بر ضرورت تقویت زیرساخت‌های نوآوری، حمایت از شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط و ترویج فناوری‌های پایدار تأکید دارند. این الگو می‌تواند برای کشورهای درحال‌توسعه به‌ویژه در طراحی سیاست‌های حمایتی برای کسب‌وکارهای نوآور راهگشا باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


منابع
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